One of the significant disadvantages of trust income taxation is their highly compressed tax brackets resulting in their income being subjected to the highest tax brackets at much lower income levels than individuals.
This includes falling into the Net Investment Income Tax bucket sooner than individuals.
To illustrate this point, compare the point at which a married couple filing jointly enters the top (37%) tax bracket ($628,300 of taxable income in 2021) to the point at which a trust enters the top bracket ($13,051 of taxable income)!
With this disparity in tax brackets, it is easy to see the value of shifting income from a trust to beneficiaries. Of course, income shifting (providing distributions to beneficiaries) is not always appropriate (i.e., the trust design is intergenerational or the beneficiaries are spendthrifts).
The value of this tax election can be significant. With proper planning, “discretionary” distributions might be able to be made after year-end that allow for shifting income between a trust and its beneficiaries within 65 days after year-end as long as the 663b Election Trust, or 65-day Rule is elected.
The reason this election is allowed within our tax system is the trust income is not always known prior to year-end to be able to plan out discretionary distributions.
The 65-day election can only be made for complex trusts to make the applicable discretionary distributions. Unlike simple trusts, they are not required to distribute all their income during a tax year.
Generally speaking, distributions made to beneficiaries of trusts carry income out to them. The trust or estate can then deduct these distributions in arriving at the trust’s taxable income, thereby reducing its taxable income.
Typically, only distributions made within a taxable year would be considered in determining the amount of the distribution deduction but, under this special rule, complex trusts can distribute income to their beneficiaries within 65 days of the beginning of their taxable year and elect to treat it as having been made in the prior year.
As you can see, the 65-day election, in effect, gives the trustee or executor some flexibility in shifting taxable income from the trust or estate to the beneficiaries after the close of the tax year-end.
Planning is done similarly to year-end planning, predicting income/expenses (and distributions already made) from the best available information (for the trust and beneficiaries).
One final point bears repeating, keep in mind that the potential tax savings of implementing the 65-day Rule may not be appropriate, for instance, if a trust intends to retain all of its income for younger beneficiaries. In this type of case, you would not want the “tax tail to wag the dog.”
If you have questions about your trust and estate planning, contact SVA.